Free Windows Help Tutorials sponsored by inkjet printer cartridges dot org /title> <META HTTP-EQUIV="imagetoolbar" CONTENT="no"> <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; CHARSET=ISO 8859-1"> <META name="description" Content="Hundreds of downloadable Windows help tutorials, articles and how-to guides sponsored by inkjet printer cartridges dot org."><style type="text/css">  </style> </head> <body bgcolor=#999999 vlink=blue link=blue> <span name = "INTRA" class="pg" style="top:0px; left:5px; width:714px; height:1010px"></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:0px; left:5px; height:1010px; width:714px' class='img'> <img src="pg0002im.png" height = "1010 width = "714" border="0"> </span> <span class='nav' style='left: 10px; top: 10px'><pre></pre></span><span name = "INTRA" style='top:51px; left:48px' class="ft4"><pre><font face='Helvetica'>Connectivity:General</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:203px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>whole Internet collapsing in a steam </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:215px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>ing heap.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:219px; left:288px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i> The</i> <i>automatic</i> <i>configuration</i> <i>facilities,</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:241px; left:77px' class="ft1"><pre><font face='Arial'><i><b>Why</b></i> <i><b>Change?</b></i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:243px; left:286px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i>both</i> <i>for</i> <i>hosts</i> <i>and</i> <i>for</i> <i>routers,</i> <i>have</i> <i>been</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:263px; left:91px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>The principle reason behind the re </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:275px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>quirement for a new Internet protocol</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:267px; left:296px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i>described</i> <i>by</i> <i>some</i> <i>as</i> <i>worth</i> <i>the</i> <i>cost</i> <i>of</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:287px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>is the sheer rate of growth. IPv4's 32 bit</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:300px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>address space was generous when it</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:291px; left:302px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i>switching</i> <i>to</i> <i>IPv6</i> <i>all</i> <i>on</i> <i>their</i> <i>own. </i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:312px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>was first introduced, but the addresses</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:324px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>are running out fast. Every host on the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:336px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>Internet needs a unique address, of</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:348px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>course, and while some techniques al </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:348px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>problems for a large multi national,</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:348px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>little excessive. We can see that 32 bits</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:360px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>low hosts to share addresses some</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:360px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>merely by connecting to the Internet.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:360px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>was becoming restrictive, but the ex </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:372px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>dial up users have an address assigned</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:372px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>The result was the exchange of strong</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:372px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>pansion to 128 bits means that there are</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:384px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>to them temporarily for the period of</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:384px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>words, along with the mention of sub </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:384px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>a total of more than 3 x10</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:380px; left:589px' class="ft2"><pre><font face='Arial'>38</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:384px; left:600px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>addresses</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:396px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>the connection these are only mild</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:396px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>stantial damages, when they were</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:396px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'> or to put it in terms that are just</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:408px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>palliatives for a system that is rapidly</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:408px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>tracked down.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:408px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>slightly easier to grasp, over 6 x 10</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:404px; left:638px' class="ft2"><pre><font face='Arial'>23</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:420px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>running out of elbow room. 2</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:416px; left:219px' class="ft2"><pre><font face='Arial'>32</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:420px; left:230px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>ought</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:420px; left:286px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>Perhaps this sounds unlikely, but at</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:420px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>addresses for every square metre on</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:432px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>to be able to support around 4.2 billion</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:432px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>least one survey suggests that up to</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:432px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>the Earth's surface. Even taking the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:444px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>hosts. However, the need to assign ad </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:444px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>60% of companies have non conform </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:444px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>most conservative analysis of how hi </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:456px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>dresses in strict hierarchies reduces the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:456px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>ing or illegal addresses somewhere on</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:456px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>erarchical allocation would reduce</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:468px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>availability of addresses, and it's al </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:468px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>their networks. Clearly this situation</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:468px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>this, it still leaves us with many thou </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:480px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>ready becoming difficult for compa </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:480px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>can only get worse as addresses be </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:480px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>sands of addresses per square metre.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:492px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>nies to get address allocations from</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:492px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>come scarcer, and there's more pres </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:492px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>It's plausible that just about every con </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:504px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>InterNIC in the US or their equivalents</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:504px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>sure on network administrators to add</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:504px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>sumer item with more than a whiff of</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:516px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>in other jurisdictions.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:516px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>new machines to internal networks</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:516px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>electronics in it will have an IP address</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:528px; left:91px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>This shortage has raised serious dif </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:528px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>somehow, regardless of the niceties of</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:528px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>in years to come, but isn't this slightly</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:540px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>ficulties, particularly in those compa </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:540px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>InterNIC and the rules. Surprisingly,</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:540px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>overdoing it? This capacity doesn't just</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:552px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>nies frustrated at the lack of</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:552px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>only a very small percentage of com </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:552px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>allow an IP address per toaster, or even</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:564px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>availability of legal IP addresses that</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:564px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>panies use any form of automation to</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:564px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>an IP address per slice of bread in a</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:576px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>have gone ahead and allocated made </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:576px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>allocate IP addresses, and so the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:576px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>multi slice toaster, it is far greater than</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:588px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>up addresses for their internal net </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:588px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>change from an illegal address regime</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:588px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>that.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:600px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>works. This works, of course, until the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:600px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>to a legal one is not necessarily a trivial</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:600px; left:480px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>The point of this apparent overkill,</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:612px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>company decides that it needs to be</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:612px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>exercise. By expanding the address</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:612px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>of course, is to simplify the problem of</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:624px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>connected to the global Internet, at</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:624px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>space we make the allocation of legal</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:624px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>routing. If we massively over allocate</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:636px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>which point some unpleasant things</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:636px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>addresses easier, and remove the need</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:636px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>the address space, it doesn't cost us</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:648px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>can start happening. If those made up</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:648px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>for network managers to fly by the seat</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:648px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>much in resource terms, but means</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:660px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>addresses are unallocated, then the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:660px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>of their pants to assign addresses to</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:660px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>that we can create multi level hierar </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:672px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>chances are that the Internet connec </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:672px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>new hosts and workstations.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:672px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>chies of address allocation. This in turn</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:684px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>tion won't be problematic, until of</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:684px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>means that routing algorithms, and the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:696px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>course they are allocated.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:698px; left:272px' class="ft1"><pre><font face='Arial'><i><b>More</b></i> <i><b>Elbow</b></i> <i><b>Room</b></i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:696px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>amount of space needed for routing</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:708px; left:91px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>There is at least one documented</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:708px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>tables, becomes hugely simplified.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:720px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>tale of small company with such ran </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:720px; left:286px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>At first glance, the expansion of IP</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:720px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>Router table explosion is a well known</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:732px; left:77px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>dom IP addresses causing serious</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:732px; left:272px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>address space offered by IPv6 looks a</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:732px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>phenomenon,</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:732px; left:544px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>and</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:732px; left:574px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>anything</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:732px; left:628px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>that</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:744px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>makes the problem of directing pack </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:756px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>ets to their correct destination easier is</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:768px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>well worth the investment of effort.</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:780px; left:480px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>What's still more exciting is that this</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:775px; left:87px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i> There</i> <i>is</i> <i>at</i> <i>least</i> <i>one</i> <i>documented</i> <i>tale</i> <i>of</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:792px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>hierarchical approach will make auto </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:804px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>matic router configuration a much</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:799px; left:95px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i>a</i> <i>small</i> <i>company</i> <i>with</i> <i>such</i> <i>random</i> <i>IP</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:816px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>more viable proposition than it is at the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:828px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>moment. As the Internet grows, and</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:823px; left:95px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i>addresses</i> <i>causing</i> <i>serious</i> <i>problems</i> <i>for</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:840px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>the number of addresses increases, so</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:852px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>too the number of possible end to end</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:847px; left:119px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i>a</i> <i>large</i> <i>multi national,</i> <i>merely</i> <i>by</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:864px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>paths increases as the square of the</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:876px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>allocated addresses, while the number</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:871px; left:144px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i>connecting</i> <i>to</i> <i>the</i> <i>Internet .</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:888px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>of possible intermediate routes ex </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:900px; left:466px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>pands by an even greater factor. Be </font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:946px; left:52px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>File: C0655.2</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:946px; left:543px' class="ft0"><pre><font face='Arial'>Issue 83 (May 1997) page 18</font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:944px; left:260px' class="ft3"><pre><font face='Arial'><i>PC</i> <i>Network</i> <i>Advisor</i></font></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" class='nav' style='left: 357px; top: 1010px'><pre><a href='page0001.htm'><</a> Next page <a href='page0003.htm'>></a></pre></span> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:1050px; left:50px' class="ft4"><pre><b><font color="#FF0000" size="3" face="Arial">New!</font><font color="#FF0000" size="3" face="Arial Narrow"> </font><font size="2" face="Arial">The best sites for quality <a href="http://www.inkjet-printer-cartridges.org">inkjet printer cartridges</a> and the best sites for <a href="http://www.cheap-inkjet-cartridges.com">cheap inkjet cartridges</a></font></b></pre></span></body> <span name = "INTRA" style='top:1100px; left:300px' class="ft4"><pre><b><font color="#FF0000" size="3" face="Arial"><a href="../index.html">Windows Help Desk Home</a> </font></b></pre></span></body></html>